![]() ![]() Anatomy of the true interatrial septum for transseptal access to the left atrium. Klimek-Piotrowska W, Hołda MK, Koziej M, Piątek K, Hołda J. Three-dimensional imaging of the atrial septum and patent foramen ovale anatomy: defining the morphological phenotypes of patent foramen ovale. Development and structure of the atrial septum. ![]() 39th ed 2005.Īnderson RH, Brown NA, Webb S. The anatomical basis of clinical practice. Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography should it be the first choice for persistent foramen ovale screening? Cardiovasc Ultrasound. Komar M, Olszowska M, Przewłocki T, Podolec J, Stępniewski J, Sobień B, et al. Which is the reference technique? Simultaneous study with transcranial Doppler, transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography. Diagnosis and quantification of patent foramen ovale. González-Alujas T, Evangelista A, Santamarina E, Rubiera M, Gómez-Bosch Z, Rodríguez-Palomares JF, et al. Accuracy of transcranial Doppler for the diagnosis of intracardiac right-to-left shunt: a bivariate meta-analysis of prospective studies. Mojadidi MK, Roberts SC, Winoker JS, Romero J, Goodman-Meza D, Gevorgyan R, et al. Patent foramen ovale: comparison among diagnostic strategies in cryptogenic stroke and migraine. Zito C, Dattilo G, Oreto G, Di Bella G, Lamari A, Iudicello R, et al. Transcranial Doppler technique and protocols will be described in this review, with several methodological aspects and clinical considerations. Transesophageal echocardiography, considered the gold standard for the morphological diagnosis, is invasive and cannot be performed as a routine screening method, while transcranial Doppler has a very high sensitivity for the shunt detection, even higher than trans-thoracic echocardiography, with the capability of easily given objective measures for the shunt quantification. The techniques aimed at this diagnosis are transcranial Doppler and echocardiography, with saline contrast agents. Paradoxical embolism could be indeed responsible for stroke and for signs and symptoms of decompression sickness in divers and in high altitude pilots. The detection of right-to-left shunt and patent foramen ovale is a frequent medical question for several specialists, including neurologists, cardiologists, and anesthesiologists. ![]()
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